Human Anatomy Lab
Skeletal Landmarks
Skull (22 bones) - includes both cranial and facial bones
1) Cranial (8 bones)
a) Frontal:
b) Parietal:
c) Occipital:
-external occipital protuberance
d) Temporal
-petrous portion (or petrous part)
-external auditory meatus (canal)
e) Sphenoid
-body
-sphenoid sinus
f) Ethmoid
-ethmoid sinuses
-superior and middle turbinates (nasal chonchae)
2) Facial Bones
a) Nasal Bones (2)
b) Maxilla (2)
-maxillary sinus
c) Zygomatic (2 – malars)
d) Mandible
-body
-rami
e) Lacrimal (2)
f) Palatine (2)
h) Vomer
Vertebral Column (26)
1) Cervical vertebrae (7)
-C1 = atlas
-C2 = axis
2) Thoracic (12)
3) Lumbar vertebrae (5)
4) Sacrum
5) Coccyx
6) Vertebral Landmarks:
a. general:
-body
-pedicle
-transverse process
-superior articular process & facet
-lamina
-spinous process
-vertebral foramen
-inferior articular process & facet
-lateral mass
-intervertebral foramen
-facet for articular portion of rib
-transverse foramen
b. special:
-bifid spinous process (C2-C5)
-dens on axis
-articular facets & demifacets on Thoracic v.
c. sacral:
-anterior/posterior sacral foramina
-lateral and medial sacral crests
Thorax:
1. Sternum:
-body
-manubrium
-xiphoid rocess
-jugular (suprasternal) notch
-clavicular notches
2. Ribs (12):
a. ribs 1 – 7 (true ribs)
b. ribs 8 - 10 (false ribs)
c. ribs 11 & 12 (floating ribs)
d. landmarks
- head
- body
- neck
- tubercle
- superior facet
- inferior facet
- interarticular crest
Inner Ear Bones (6):
APPENDICULAR SKELETON (126):
Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle:
1. Clavicle (2; collar bone):
-sternal extremity
-acromial extremity
-acromioclavicular joint
-conoid tubercle (ligament)
-costal tuberosity (ligament)
2. Scapula (2; shoulder blades):
-spine
-body
-acromion
-glenoid cavity
-medial (vertebral) border
-lateral border
-inferior angle
-superior border
-superior angle
-scapular notch
-coracoid process
-supraspi nous fossa
-infraspinous fossa
-subscapular fossa
Upper Extremities:
1. Humerus (2)
-head
-neck
-greater tubercle
-lesser tubercle
-intertuburcular sulcus
-body
-deltoid tuberosity
-capitulum
-radial fossa
-trochlea
-coronoid fossa
-olecranon fossa
-medial and lateral epicondyles
2. Ulna (2)
-olecranon
-coranoid process
-trochlear (semilunar) notch
-radial notch
-styloid process (ulnar)
3. Radius (2)
-head
-radial tuberosity
-styloid process (radial)
-ulnar notch
4. Carpals (16):
a. proximal row (lateral to medial)
-scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform
b. distal row (lateral to medial)
-trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
5. Metacarpals (10):
-base (proximal end)
-shaft
-head (distal end)
6. Phalanges (28)
-fingers – 3 each (proximal, middle, and distal)
-thumb – 2 (proximal and distal)
Pelvic Girdle (2):
1. Coxal (Innominate) bones – form the pelvis
-ilium
-pubis
-ischium
-acetabulum
-obturator foramen
Illiac crest
-anterior superior spine
-posterior superior spine
-anterior inferior spine
-iliac fossa
-symphysis pubis
-greater/lesser sciatic notches
-ischial tuberosity
-ischial spine
-pubic tubercle
Lower Extremities (60):
1. Femur – longest and heaviest bone
-head
-neck
-gluteal tuberosity
-greater trochanter
-lesser trochanter
-linea aspera
-medial/lateral condyles
-medial/lateral epicondyles
-intercondylar fossa
-patellar surface
2. Patella
-apex
-base
-articular facets
3. Tibia
-medial/lateral condyles
-intercondylar eminence
-tibial tuberosity
-medial malleolus
-fibular notch
4. Fibula
-head
-lateral malleolus
5. Tarsals
-talus
-calcaneus
-cuboid
-navicular
-3 cuneiform bones (medial, intermediate, and lateral)
6. Metatarsals I-V (medial to lateral)
7. Phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal; except for big toe)
8. Arches of the foot:
–Longitudinal (medial and lateral parts)
-Transverse
